TensorNetwork.h

Go to the documentation of this file.

 
#pragma once
 
#ifndef __TENSOR_NETWORK_H_
#define __TENSOR_NETWORK_H_ 1
 
#include <Eigen/Eigen>
#include <unordered_set>
#include <vector>
 
#include "TensorContractor.h"
#include "TensorNode.h"
 
namespace TensorNetworks {
 
class TensorNetwork {
public:
  using Index = Eigen::Index;
 
  TensorNetwork() = delete;

  TensorNetwork(size_t numQubits)
      : rng(std::random_device{}()), uniformZeroOne(0, 1) {
    lastTensors.resize(numQubits);
    lastTensorsSuper.resize(numQubits);
    lastTensorIndices.resize(numQubits);
    lastTensorIndicesSuper.resize(numQubits);
 
    qubitsMap.resize(numQubits);
 
    Clean(numQubits);
  }
 
  void Clear() {
    // cannot do this if the one qubit gates are contracted into qubit
    // tensors!!!!!!
    /*
    tensors.resize(2 * lastTensors.size()); // keep only the qubit tensors (both
    normal and super)
 
    qubitsGroups.clear();
 
    SetQubitsTensorsClear(lastTensors.size());
    */
    tensors.clear();
    qubitsGroups.clear();
    Clean(GetNumQubits());
  }
 
  void
  AddGate(const QC::Gates::QuantumGateWithOp<TensorNode::MatrixClass> &gate,
          Types::qubit_t q1, Types::qubit_t q2 = 0) {
    const auto gateQubitsNumber = gate.getQubitsNumber();
    if (gateQubitsNumber > 1)
      AddTwoQubitsGate(gate, q1, q2);
    else
      AddOneQubitGate(gate, q1);
  }
 
  double Probability(Types::qubit_t qubit, bool zero = true) {
    if (!contractor)
      return 0;
    contractor->SetMultithreading(enableMultithreading);
 
    // save the qubit positions, to be able to restore them back after the
    // addition of the projector and the contraction
    const auto lastTensorIdOnQubit = lastTensors[qubit];
    const auto lastTensorIndexOnQubit = lastTensorIndices[qubit];
 
    // add the projection tensor to the network
    AddProjector(qubit, zero);
 
    Connect();
 
    // contract the network, save result to return
    const double result = contractor->Contract(*this, qubit);
 
    // restore back the network to the previous state (disconnect the connection
    // to super tensors and remove the added projector)
 
    lastTensors[qubit] = lastTensorIdOnQubit;
    lastTensorIndices[qubit] = lastTensorIndexOnQubit;
 
    // get rid of the added projection tensor
    tensors.resize(tensors.size() - 1);
 
    // no need to actually disconnect the indices, as they are not used unless
    // they are connected again when adding a new gate/projection for
    // measurement, they are reconnected anyway, the same goes for doing another
    // contraction
 
    // return the result
    return result;
  }

  double ExpectationValue(const std::string &pauliString) {
    if (pauliString.empty())
      return 1.;
    else if (!contractor)
      return 0.;
 
    auto savedTensorsNrLocal = tensors.size();
    auto saveLastTensorsLocal = lastTensors;
    auto saveLastTensorIndicesLocal = lastTensorIndices;
 
    // add the gates from the Pauli string
    const QC::Gates::PauliXGate<TensorNode::MatrixClass> XGate;
    const QC::Gates::PauliYGate<TensorNode::MatrixClass> YGate;
    const QC::Gates::PauliZGate<TensorNode::MatrixClass> ZGate;
 
    std::unordered_set<Types::qubit_t> usedQubits;
 
    for (Types::qubit_t q = 0; q < pauliString.size(); ++q) {
      const char op = toupper(pauliString[q]);
      switch (op) {
      case 'X':
        AddOneQubitExpectationValueOp(XGate, q);
        usedQubits.insert(q);
        break;
      case 'Y':
        AddOneQubitExpectationValueOp(YGate, q);
        usedQubits.insert(q);
        break;
      case 'Z':
        AddOneQubitExpectationValueOp(ZGate, q);
        usedQubits.insert(q);
        break;
      case 'I':
        [[fallthrough]];
      default:
        break;
      }
    }
 
    if (usedQubits.empty())
      return 1.;
 
    const double result = Contract(usedQubits);
 
    tensors.resize(savedTensorsNrLocal);
    lastTensors.swap(saveLastTensorsLocal);
    lastTensorIndices.swap(saveLastTensorIndicesLocal);
 
    Disconnect();
 
    return result;
  }
 
  double getBasisStateProbability(size_t outcome) {
    SaveStateMinimal();
 
    size_t mask = 1ULL;
 
    for (Types::qubit_t q = 0; q < GetNumQubits(); ++q) {
      const bool expected = (outcome & mask) == 0;
 
      AddProjector(q, expected);
 
      mask <<= 1;
    }
 
    const double prob = Contract();
 
    RestoreSavedStateMinimalDestructive();
 
    return prob;
  }
 
  bool Measure(Types::qubit_t qubit) {
    const double p0 = Probability(qubit, false);
    const double prob = uniformZeroOne(rng);
    if (prob < p0) {
      AddProjectorOp(qubit, false, p0);
 
      return true;
    }
 
    AddProjectorOp(qubit, true, 1. - p0);
 
    return false;
  }
 
  void AddProjector(Types::qubit_t qubit, bool zero = true) {
    // add a projector tensor for the qubit, either zero or one
    auto tensorNode = std::make_shared<TensorNode>();
    tensorNode->SetProjector(qubit, zero);
 
    const auto newTensorId = static_cast<Index>(tensors.size());
    tensorNode->SetId(newTensorId);
 
    // connect the tensor to the last tensors on the qubits
 
    // first, tensors from the network are connected to the new tensor
    // that is, their output indices are connected to the input indices of the
    // new tensor second, the new tensor is connected to the tensors from the
    // network
 
    const auto tensorOnQubitId = lastTensors[qubit];
    const auto indexOnQubit = lastTensorIndices[qubit];
 
    // connect the last tensor on qubit with the projection tensor
    const auto &lastTensor = tensors[tensorOnQubitId];
    lastTensor->connections[indexOnQubit] = newTensorId;
    lastTensor->connectionsIndices[indexOnQubit] = 0;
 
    // also do the connection between the projection tensor back to the last
    // tensor
    tensorNode->connections[0] = tensorOnQubitId;
    tensorNode->connectionsIndices[0] = indexOnQubit;
 
    // add the tensor to the network
    tensors.emplace_back(std::move(tensorNode));
 
    // and set the last tensor on the qubit to be the new tensor
    lastTensors[qubit] = newTensorId;
    lastTensorIndices[qubit] =
        1; // the next index is 1, this is going to be the 'connect' one
  }
 
  void AddProjectorOp(Types::qubit_t qubit, bool zero = true,
                      double prob = 1.) {
    TensorNode::MatrixClass projMat = TensorNode::MatrixClass::Zero(2, 2);
 
    const double renorm = 1. / sqrt(prob);
    if (zero)
      projMat(0, 0) = renorm;
    else
      projMat(1, 1) = renorm;
 
    const QC::Gates::SingleQubitGate<TensorNode::MatrixClass> projOp(projMat);
 
    AddGate(projOp, qubit);
  }
 
  size_t GetNumQubits() const { return lastTensors.size(); }
 
  void SetContractor(const std::shared_ptr<ITensorContractor> &c) {
    contractor = c;
  }
 
  std::shared_ptr<ITensorContractor> GetContractor() const {
    return contractor;
  }
 
  const std::vector<std::shared_ptr<TensorNode>> &GetTensors() const {
    return tensors;
  }
 
  const std::unordered_set<Types::qubit_t> &
  GetQubitGroup(Types::qubit_t q) const {
    return qubitsGroups.at(qubitsMap[q]);
  }
 
  void SaveState() {
    saveTensors.resize(tensors.size());
    for (size_t i = 0; i < tensors.size(); ++i)
      saveTensors[i] = tensors[i]->CloneWithoutTensorCopy();
 
    saveQubitsMap = qubitsMap;
    saveQubitsGroups = qubitsGroups;
 
    SaveStateMinimal();
  }
 
  void SaveStateMinimal() {
    savedTensorsNr = tensors.size();
    saveLastTensors = lastTensors;
    saveLastTensorsSuper = lastTensorsSuper;
    saveLastTensorIndices = lastTensorIndices;
    saveLastTensorIndicesSuper = lastTensorIndicesSuper;
  }
 
  void RestoreState() {
    RestoreStateMinimal();
 
    tensors.resize(saveTensors.size());
    for (size_t i = 0; i < tensors.size(); ++i)
      tensors[i] = saveTensors[i]->CloneWithoutTensorCopy();
 
    qubitsMap = saveQubitsMap;
    qubitsGroups = saveQubitsGroups;
  }
 
  void RestoreStateMinimal() {
    tensors.resize(savedTensorsNr);
    lastTensors = saveLastTensors;
    lastTensorsSuper = saveLastTensorsSuper;
    lastTensorIndices = saveLastTensorIndices;
    lastTensorIndicesSuper = saveLastTensorIndicesSuper;
  }
 
  void RestoreSavedStateDestructive() {
    tensors.swap(saveTensors);
 
    qubitsMap.swap(saveQubitsMap);
    qubitsGroups.swap(saveQubitsGroups);
 
    RestoreSavedStateMinimalDestructive();
 
    ClearSavedState();
  }
 
  void RestoreSavedStateMinimalDestructive() {
    tensors.resize(savedTensorsNr);
    savedTensorsNr = 0;
    lastTensors.swap(saveLastTensors);
    lastTensorsSuper.swap(saveLastTensorsSuper);
    lastTensorIndices.swap(saveLastTensorIndices);
    lastTensorIndicesSuper.swap(saveLastTensorIndicesSuper);
 
    ClearSavedStateMinimal();
  }
 
  void ClearSavedState() {
    saveTensors.clear();
 
    saveQubitsMap.clear();
    saveQubitsGroups.clear();
 
    ClearSavedStateMinimal();
  }
 
  void ClearSavedStateMinimal() {
    saveLastTensors.clear();
    saveLastTensorsSuper.clear();
 
    saveLastTensorIndices.clear();
    saveLastTensorIndicesSuper.clear();
  }
 
  void Connect() {
    // connect all last tensors to the corresponding super tensors
    for (Types::qubit_t q = 0; q < GetNumQubits(); ++q) {
      const auto lastTensorId = lastTensors[q];
      const auto lastTensorSuperId = lastTensorsSuper[q];
      const auto &lastTensor = tensors[lastTensorId];
      const auto &lastTensorSuper = tensors[lastTensorSuperId];
 
      const auto tensorIndexOnQubit = lastTensorIndices[q];
      const auto tensorSuperIndexOnQubit = lastTensorIndicesSuper[q];
 
      // tensor connection to the super one
      lastTensor->connections[tensorIndexOnQubit] = lastTensorSuperId;
      lastTensor->connectionsIndices[tensorIndexOnQubit] =
          tensorSuperIndexOnQubit;
 
      // the super tensor connected to the left tensor
      lastTensorSuper->connections[tensorSuperIndexOnQubit] = lastTensorId;
      lastTensorSuper->connectionsIndices[tensorSuperIndexOnQubit] =
          tensorIndexOnQubit;
    }
  }
 
  void Disconnect() {
    for (Types::qubit_t q = 0; q < GetNumQubits(); ++q) {
      const auto lastTensorId = lastTensors[q];
      const auto lastTensorSuperId = lastTensorsSuper[q];
      const auto &lastTensor = tensors[lastTensorId];
      const auto &lastTensorSuper = tensors[lastTensorSuperId];
 
      const auto tensorIndexOnQubit = lastTensorIndices[q];
      const auto tensorSuperIndexOnQubit = lastTensorIndicesSuper[q];
 
      // tensor connection to the super one
      lastTensor->connections[tensorIndexOnQubit] = TensorNode::NotConnected;
      lastTensor->connectionsIndices[tensorIndexOnQubit] =
          TensorNode::NotConnected;
 
      // the super tensor connected to the left tensor
      lastTensorSuper->connections[tensorSuperIndexOnQubit] =
          TensorNode::NotConnected;
      lastTensorSuper->connectionsIndices[tensorSuperIndexOnQubit] =
          TensorNode::NotConnected;
    }
  }

  void SetMultithreading(bool multithreading = true) {
    enableMultithreading = multithreading;
  }

  bool GetMultithreading() const { return enableMultithreading; }
 
  std::unique_ptr<TensorNetwork> Clone() const {
    auto cloned = std::make_unique<TensorNetwork>(0);
 
    cloned->tensors = tensors; // all tensors in the network
 
    cloned->lastTensors =
        lastTensors; // the indices of the last tensors in the network
    cloned->lastTensorsSuper = lastTensorsSuper; // the indices of the last
                                                 // super tensors in the network
 
    cloned->lastTensorIndices =
        lastTensorIndices; // the indices of the last tensors in the network
    cloned->lastTensorIndicesSuper =
        lastTensorIndicesSuper; // the indices of the last super tensors in the
                                // network
 
    cloned->qubitsMap = qubitsMap; 
    cloned->qubitsGroups = qubitsGroups; 
 
    cloned->savedTensorsNr = savedTensorsNr;
    cloned->saveTensors = saveTensors; // all tensors in the network
 
    cloned->saveLastTensors =
        saveLastTensors; // the indices of the last tensors in the network
    cloned->saveLastTensorsSuper =
        saveLastTensorsSuper; // the indices of the last super tensors in the
                              // network
 
    cloned->saveLastTensorIndices =
        saveLastTensorIndices; // the indices of the last tensors in the network
    cloned->saveLastTensorIndicesSuper =
        saveLastTensorIndicesSuper; // the indices of the last super tensors in
                                    // the network
 
    cloned->saveQubitsMap =
        saveQubitsMap; 
    cloned->saveQubitsGroups =
        saveQubitsGroups; 
 
    if (contractor)
      cloned->contractor = contractor->Clone();
 
    return cloned;
  }
 
private:
  void AddOneQubitExpectationValueOp(
      const QC::Gates::QuantumGateWithOp<TensorNode::MatrixClass> &gate,
      Types::qubit_t q) {
    auto tensorNode = std::make_shared<TensorNode>();
    tensorNode->SetGate(gate, q);
 
    auto lastTensorId = lastTensors[q];
    const auto &lastTensor = tensors[lastTensorId];
 
    // can be either 0 if the last tensor is for a single qubit (the first
    // tensor) or 1 if it's from a one qubit gate tensor or either 2 or 3 if it
    // corresponds to a two qubit gate tensor for 0 or 1 do nothing to qubits or
    // connections in the altered node, nothing changes for 3 also nothing
    // should be done, as the qubit is the second one in the gate and
    // contraction doesn't change anything but if it's 2, the order changes
    auto lastTensorIndexForQubit = lastTensorIndices[q];
 
    auto tensorId = static_cast<Index>(tensors.size());
    tensorNode->SetId(tensorId);
 
    // connect the tensor to the last tensors on the qubits
 
    // first, tensors from the network are connected to the new tensor
    // that is, their output indices are connected to the input indices of the
    // new tensor second, the new tensor is connected to the tensors from the
    // network
 
    lastTensor->connections[lastTensorIndexForQubit] = tensorId;
    lastTensor->connectionsIndices[lastTensorIndexForQubit] =
        0; // connect it to the zero index of the new tensor
 
    tensorNode->connections[0] = lastTensorId;
    tensorNode->connectionsIndices[0] = lastTensorIndexForQubit;
 
    tensors.emplace_back(std::move(tensorNode));
 
    // now set the last tensors and indices
    lastTensors[q] = tensorId;
 
    lastTensorIndices[q] = 1;
  }
 
  void AddOneQubitGate(
      const QC::Gates::QuantumGateWithOp<TensorNode::MatrixClass> &gate,
      Types::qubit_t q, bool contractWithTwoQubitTensors = false,
      bool contract = true) {
    // instead of adding it to the network, simply contract it with the previous
    // tensor on the qubit
    auto tensorNode = std::make_shared<TensorNode>();
    tensorNode->SetGate(gate, q);
 
    auto lastTensorId = lastTensors[q];
    const auto &lastTensor = tensors[lastTensorId];
 
    // can be either 0 if the last tensor is for a single qubit (the first
    // tensor) or 1 if it's from a one qubit gate tensor or either 2 or 3 if it
    // corresponds to a two qubit gate tensor for 0 or 1 do nothing to qubits or
    // connections in the altered node, nothing changes for 3 also nothing
    // should be done, as the qubit is the second one in the gate and
    // contraction doesn't change anything but if it's 2, the order changes
    auto lastTensorIndexForQubit = lastTensorIndices[q];
 
    // if contraction with two qubit tensors is desired, if it's on the last
    // index it's easy if not, it's more complex because contraction changes the
    // order of indices it's not easy to deal with that as the other qubit might
    // have already another tensor connected/over it maybe using Shuffle is
    // easier than changing connections and indices and qubits and so on...
    if (contract &&
        (contractWithTwoQubitTensors || lastTensor->qubits.size() <= 2)) {
      // previous tensor is a one qubit tensor, contract it with the new one
 
      // TODO: Should I also contract them if the previous tensor is a two qubit
      // tensor? probably yes, but probably only when the 'last tensor' is a one
      // qubit one... and it's hit with a two qubit tensor because contracting
      // together the one qubit tensors is quite fast
 
      // tensors, lastTensors, lastTensorsSuper do not need change (except the
      // new tensor inside the tensorNode) in the node, the connections do not
      // need to change, index 0 and 1 remain the same, the input ones and do
      // not change order (so also the connected nodes are not affected)
 
      lastTensor->tensor = std::make_shared<Utils::Tensor<>>(
          std::move(lastTensor->tensor->Contract(*(tensorNode->tensor),
                                                 lastTensorIndexForQubit, 0,
                                                 enableMultithreading)));
 
      // TODO: Instead of Shuffle try by swapping qubits and indices... but also
      // take care of connections if on the other qubit there is already a gate
      // added
      static const std::vector<size_t> indices{0, 1, 3, 2};
      if (lastTensorIndexForQubit == 2) {
        // this works, but it's slow, so let's try something else
        // lastTensor->tensor =
        // std::make_shared<Utils::Tensor<>>(std::move(lastTensor->tensor->Shuffle(indices)));
        const auto otherQubit = lastTensor->qubits[3];
        const auto otherTensorId = lastTensors[otherQubit];
 
        std::swap(lastTensor->qubits[2], lastTensor->qubits[3]);
        std::swap(lastTensor->connections[2], lastTensor->connections[3]);
        std::swap(lastTensor->connectionsIndices[2],
                  lastTensor->connectionsIndices[3]);
 
        lastTensorIndices[q] = 3;
 
        if (otherTensorId == lastTensorId)
          lastTensorIndices[otherQubit] = 2;
        else {
          // another tensor went on top of the other qubit/leg, so update
          // connections
          const auto &otherTensor =
              tensors[lastTensor->connections[2]]; // 3 was swapped with 2
 
          const auto otherIndex =
              lastTensor->connectionsIndices[2]; // 3 was swapped with 2
          otherTensor->connectionsIndices[otherIndex] =
              2; // 3 was swapped with 2
        }
      }
 
      tensorNode->SetSuper();
 
      lastTensorId = lastTensorsSuper[q];
      const auto &lastTensorSuper = tensors[lastTensorId];
      lastTensorIndexForQubit = lastTensorIndicesSuper[q];
 
      lastTensorSuper->tensor = std::make_shared<Utils::Tensor<>>(std::move(
          lastTensorSuper->tensor->Contract(*(tensorNode->tensor),
                                            lastTensorIndexForQubit, 0,
                                            enableMultithreading)));
 
      if (lastTensorIndexForQubit == 2) {
        // lastTensorSuper->tensor =
        // std::make_shared<Utils::Tensor<>>(std::move(lastTensorSuper->tensor->Shuffle(indices)));
        const auto otherQubit = lastTensorSuper->qubits[3];
        const auto otherTensorId = lastTensorsSuper[otherQubit];
 
        std::swap(lastTensorSuper->qubits[2], lastTensorSuper->qubits[3]);
        std::swap(lastTensorSuper->connections[2],
                  lastTensorSuper->connections[3]);
        std::swap(lastTensorSuper->connectionsIndices[2],
                  lastTensorSuper->connectionsIndices[3]);
 
        lastTensorIndicesSuper[q] = 3;
 
        if (otherTensorId == lastTensorId)
          lastTensorIndicesSuper[otherQubit] = 2;
        else {
          // another tensor went on top of the other qubit/leg, so update
          // connections
          const auto &otherTensor =
              tensors[lastTensorSuper->connections[2]]; // 3 was swapped with 2
 
          const auto otherIndex =
              lastTensorSuper->connectionsIndices[2]; // 3 was swapped with 2
          otherTensor->connectionsIndices[otherIndex] =
              2; // 3 was swapped with 2
        }
      }
    } else {
      auto tensorId = static_cast<Index>(tensors.size());
      tensorNode->SetId(tensorId);
 
      // connect the tensor to the last tensors on the qubits
 
      // first, tensors from the network are connected to the new tensor
      // that is, their output indices are connected to the input indices of the
      // new tensor second, the new tensor is connected to the tensors from the
      // network
 
      lastTensor->connections[lastTensorIndexForQubit] = tensorId;
      lastTensor->connectionsIndices[lastTensorIndexForQubit] =
          0; // connect it to the zero index of the new tensor
 
      tensorNode->connections[0] = lastTensorId;
      tensorNode->connectionsIndices[0] = lastTensorIndexForQubit;
 
      tensors.emplace_back(std::move(tensorNode));
 
      // now set the last tensors and indices
      lastTensors[q] = tensorId;
 
      lastTensorIndices[q] = 1;
 
      // add the 'super' now
 
      tensorNode = std::make_shared<TensorNode>();
 
      tensorNode->SetGate(gate, q);
      tensorNode->SetSuper();
 
      tensorId = static_cast<Index>(tensors.size());
      tensorNode->SetId(tensorId);
 
      // connect the tensor to the last tensors on the qubits
 
      // first, tensors from the network are connected to the new tensor
      // that is, their output indices are connected to the input indices of the
      // new tensor second, the new tensor is connected to the tensors from the
      // network
 
      lastTensorId = lastTensorsSuper[q];
      const auto &lastTensorSuper = tensors[lastTensorId];
      lastTensorIndexForQubit = lastTensorIndicesSuper[q];
      lastTensorSuper->connections[lastTensorIndexForQubit] = tensorId;
      lastTensorSuper->connectionsIndices[lastTensorIndexForQubit] = 0;
 
      tensorNode->connections[0] = lastTensorId;
      tensorNode->connectionsIndices[0] = lastTensorIndexForQubit;
 
      tensors.emplace_back(std::move(tensorNode));
 
      // now set the last tensors and indices
      lastTensorsSuper[q] = tensorId;
 
      lastTensorIndicesSuper[q] = 1;
    }
  }
 
  void AddTwoQubitsGate(
      const QC::Gates::QuantumGateWithOp<TensorNode::MatrixClass> &gate,
      Types::qubit_t q1, Types::qubit_t q2) {
    const size_t q1group = qubitsMap[q1];
    const size_t q2group = qubitsMap[q2];
 
    if (q1group != q2group) {
      // merge groups - move all qubits from the second group to the first one
      for (const auto qg : qubitsGroups[q2group]) {
        qubitsMap[qg] = q1group;
        qubitsGroups[q1group].insert(qg);
      }
      qubitsGroups.erase(q2group); // remove the second group
    }
 
    // TODO: if first two qubits gate on the 1-qubit tensors of the qubits,
    // contract them with this node????? or even if only one of them is on a
    // 1-qubit tensor, contract it with this one????
 
    auto tensorNode = std::make_shared<TensorNode>();
    tensorNode->SetGate(gate, q1, q2);
 
    auto tensorId = static_cast<Index>(tensors.size());
    tensorNode->SetId(tensorId);
 
    // connect the tensor to the last tensors on the qubits
 
    // first, tensors from the network are connected to the new tensor
    // that is, their output indices are connected to the input indices of the
    // new tensor second, the new tensor is connected to the tensors from the
    // network
 
    auto lastTensorId = lastTensors[q1];
 
    const auto &lastTensor = tensors[lastTensorId];
    auto lastTensorIndexForQubit = lastTensorIndices[q1];
    lastTensor->connections[lastTensorIndexForQubit] = tensorId;
    lastTensor->connectionsIndices[lastTensorIndexForQubit] =
        0; // connect it to the zero index of the new tensor
 
    tensorNode->connections[0] = lastTensorId;
    tensorNode->connectionsIndices[0] = lastTensorIndexForQubit;
 
    lastTensorId = lastTensors[q2];
    const auto &lastTensor2 = tensors[lastTensorId];
    lastTensorIndexForQubit = lastTensorIndices[q2];
    lastTensor2->connections[lastTensorIndexForQubit] = tensorId;
    lastTensor2->connectionsIndices[lastTensorIndexForQubit] =
        1; // connect it to the first index of the new tensor
 
    tensorNode->connections[1] = lastTensorId;
    tensorNode->connectionsIndices[1] = lastTensorIndices[q2];
 
    tensors.emplace_back(std::move(tensorNode));
 
    // now set the last tensors and indices
    lastTensors[q1] = tensorId;
    lastTensors[q2] = tensorId;
 
    lastTensorIndices[q1] = 2;
    lastTensorIndices[q2] = 3;
 
    // add the 'super' now
 
    tensorNode = std::make_shared<TensorNode>();
 
    tensorNode->SetGate(gate, q1, q2);
    tensorNode->SetSuper();
 
    tensorId = static_cast<Index>(tensors.size());
    tensorNode->SetId(tensorId);
 
    // connect the tensor to the last tensors on the qubits
 
    // first, tensors from the network are connected to the new tensor
    // that is, their output indices are connected to the input indices of the
    // new tensor second, the new tensor is connected to the tensors from the
    // network
 
    lastTensorId = lastTensorsSuper[q1];
    const auto &lastTensorSuper = tensors[lastTensorId];
    lastTensorIndexForQubit = lastTensorIndicesSuper[q1];
    lastTensorSuper->connections[lastTensorIndexForQubit] = tensorId;
    lastTensorSuper->connectionsIndices[lastTensorIndexForQubit] = 0;
 
    tensorNode->connections[0] = lastTensorId;
    tensorNode->connectionsIndices[0] = lastTensorIndexForQubit;
 
    lastTensorId = lastTensorsSuper[q2];
    const auto &lastTensor2Super = tensors[lastTensorId];
    lastTensorIndexForQubit = lastTensorIndicesSuper[q2];
    lastTensor2Super->connections[lastTensorIndexForQubit] = tensorId;
    lastTensor2Super->connectionsIndices[lastTensorIndexForQubit] = 1;
 
    tensorNode->connections[1] = lastTensorId;
    tensorNode->connectionsIndices[1] = lastTensorIndicesSuper[q2];
 
    tensors.emplace_back(std::move(tensorNode));
 
    // now set the last tensors and indices
    lastTensorsSuper[q1] = tensorId;
    lastTensorsSuper[q2] = tensorId;
 
    lastTensorIndicesSuper[q1] = 2;
    lastTensorIndicesSuper[q2] = 3;
  }
 
  double Contract() {
    if (!contractor)
      return 0;
    contractor->SetMultithreading(enableMultithreading);
 
    Connect();
 
    // contract the network, save result to return
    double result = 1;
 
    for (auto &group : qubitsGroups) {
      const double groupResult = contractor->Contract(
          *this,
          *group.second.begin()); // doesn't really matter which qubit is passed
                                  // as long it belongs to the group
      if (groupResult == 0)
        return 0;
      result *= groupResult;
    }
 
    // no need to actually disconnect the indices, as they are not used unless
    // they are connected again when adding a new gate/projection for
    // measurement, they are reconnected anyway, the same goes for doing another
    // contraction
 
    // return the result
    return result;
  }
 
  double Contract(const std::unordered_set<Types::qubit_t> &qubits) {
    if (!contractor)
      return 0;
    contractor->SetMultithreading(enableMultithreading);
 
    Connect();
 
    // contract the network, save result to return
    double result = 1;
 
    for (auto &group : qubitsGroups) {
      // this is probably less costly than contracting
      for (const auto q : group.second)
        if (qubits.find(q) != qubits.end()) {
          // this group has at least one qubit in the set, contract it
          // break to avoid contracting it multiple times
          const double groupResult = contractor->Contract(
              *this, q); // doesn't really matter which qubit is passed as long
                         // it belongs to the group
          if (groupResult == 0)
            return 0;
          result *= groupResult;
          break;
        }
    }
 
    // no need to actually disconnect the indices, as they are not used unless
    // they are connected again when adding a new gate/projection for
    // measurement, they are reconnected anyway, the same goes for doing another
    // contraction
 
    // return the result
    return result;
  }
 
  void Clean(size_t numQubits) { SetQubitsTensors(numQubits); }
 
  void SetQubitsTensors(size_t numQubits) {
    for (Types::qubit_t q = 0; q < numQubits; ++q) {
      qubitsMap[q] = q; // the qubit group id is the qubit number itself
      qubitsGroups[q].insert(
          q); // the qubit group contains only the qubit itself
 
      auto tensorNode = std::make_shared<TensorNode>();
      tensorNode->SetQubit(q);
      tensorNode->SetId(static_cast<Index>(tensors.size()));
 
      lastTensors[q] = tensorNode->GetId();
      lastTensorIndices[q] = 0;
      tensors.emplace_back(std::move(tensorNode));
 
      tensorNode = std::make_shared<TensorNode>();
      tensorNode->SetQubit(q);
      tensorNode->SetId(static_cast<Index>(tensors.size()));
      tensorNode->SetSuper();
 
      lastTensorsSuper[q] = tensorNode->GetId();
      lastTensorIndicesSuper[q] = 0;
      tensors.emplace_back(std::move(tensorNode));
    }
  }
 
  void SetQubitsTensorsClear(size_t numQubits) {
    for (Types::qubit_t q = 0; q < numQubits; ++q) {
      qubitsMap[q] = q; // the qubit group id is the qubit number itself
      qubitsGroups[q].insert(
          q); // the qubit group contains only the qubit itself
 
      lastTensors[q] = 2 * q;
      lastTensorIndices[q] = 0;
 
      lastTensorsSuper[q] = lastTensors[q] + 1;
      lastTensorIndicesSuper[q] = 0;
    }
  }
 
  std::vector<std::shared_ptr<TensorNode>>
      tensors; // all tensors in the network
 
  std::vector<Index>
      lastTensors; // the indices of the last tensors in the network
  std::vector<Index>
      lastTensorsSuper; // the indices of the last super tensors in the network
 
  std::vector<Index>
      lastTensorIndices; // the indices of the last tensors in the network
  std::vector<Index> lastTensorIndicesSuper; // the indices of the last super
                                             // tensors in the network
 
  std::vector<size_t> qubitsMap; 
  std::unordered_map<size_t, std::unordered_set<Types::qubit_t>>
      qubitsGroups; 
 
  size_t savedTensorsNr = 0;
  std::vector<std::shared_ptr<TensorNode>>
      saveTensors; // all tensors in the network
 
  std::vector<Index>
      saveLastTensors; // the indices of the last tensors in the network
  std::vector<Index> saveLastTensorsSuper; // the indices of the last super
                                           // tensors in the network
 
  std::vector<Index>
      saveLastTensorIndices; // the indices of the last tensors in the network
  std::vector<Index> saveLastTensorIndicesSuper; // the indices of the last
                                                 // super tensors in the network
 
  std::vector<size_t>
      saveQubitsMap; 
  std::unordered_map<size_t, std::unordered_set<Types::qubit_t>>
      saveQubitsGroups; 
 
  std::shared_ptr<ITensorContractor> contractor;
 
  bool enableMultithreading = true;
 
  std::mt19937_64 rng;
  std::uniform_real_distribution<double> uniformZeroOne;
};
 
} // namespace TensorNetworks
 
#endif // __TENSOR_NETWORK_H_